The Paleomorpholigic Conditions of the Formation of the Settlementof Shitkino  (Northwest Russia) ” P. 126-138.

UDC 551.4.07(470.2)

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.013

Abstract. The palaeomorphology of many early medieval monuments in Northwest Russia has not been reconstructed yet. In historical and economic perspective, the geographical location has a great impact on settlement formation and affects people’s lives significantly. The settlement of Shitkino is an archaeological monument situated in the basin of the Western Dvina at the western slope of the Valdai Hills. The settlement of Shitkino is located at the shore of Shnidkino lake, which is traversed bythe Toropa River. The authors of the article employ geological and geomorphological analyses to explore the floodplain and its fluvial terraces, to make archaeological finds and to gain evidence of the events of the 9th–10th centuries. The method of radiocarbon dating enabled the scientists to estimate the age of peat sediments, fluvial and slope deposits, to estimate the degree of relief transformation and to tentatively assess the extent of the functionality of the land in medieval times. The accumulated data, such as the structural stability of the shore and the dynamics of the river-lake system show that during the recent thousands of years the shores of the lake have been only insignificantly transformed. It is believed that in the early middle ages people preferred to settle in the basin of the Toropa River.

Keywords: geoarchaeology geomorphology, from the Varangians to the Greeks, Early Middle Ages, river trade routes.

References:

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5. Klimanov V. A., Hotinskij N. A., Blagoveshhenskaja N. V. The History of Climate Fluctuations in the Centre of the Russian Plain. Izvestija Akademii nauk Sojuza Sovetskih Socialisticheskih Respublik. Serija geograficheskaja [Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union: Geography series]. Moscow, Science Publ., 1995, no. 1, pp. 89–96. (In Russian).
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7. Panin A. V., Nefedov V. S. Analyzing the Archaeological and Geomorphological Changes of River Water Level and Lake Water Level in the Upper Flow of the Volga and the Western Dvina. Vodnye resursy [Water Resources]. Moscow, Science Publ., 2010, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 17–32, DOI: 10.1134/S0097807810010021. (In Russian).
8. Panin A. V. Fljuvial’noe rel’efoobrazovanie na ravninah umerennogo pojasa Evrazii v pozdnem plejstocene — golocene [Fluvial Relief at the Plains of the Temperate Zone of Eurasia in Late Pleistocene and Holocene]. Moscow, 2015, 457 p. (In Russian).
9. Sammet Je. Ju. About the Stages of Valdai Glaciation and the Hydrographical Net of the North-West of the Russian Plain. Kraevye formy rel’efa materikovogo oledenenija na russkoj ravnine. Trudy komissii po izucheniju chetvertichnogo perioda [Continent Glaciation in the Russian Plain. Works of the Commission Investigating Quarterly Period]. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union Publ., 1963, 21, pp. 54–60. (In Russian).
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13. Shik S. M., Pisareva V. V. Osnovnye zakonomernosti rasprostranenija plejstocenovyh ozer na Vostochno-Evropejskoj ravnine. Hronostratigraficheskie podrazdelenija plejstocena. Istorija plejstocenovyh ozer Vostochno-Evropejskoj ravniny [The Patterns of Pleistocene Lakes Distribution in the East-European Plain. The Chronology of Pleistocene]. St. Petersburg, Science Publ., 1998, pp. 7–38. (In Russian).
14. Shitov M. V., Biskje Ju. S., Pleshivceva Je. S., Marakov A. Ja. The Late Holocene Changes of the Volkhov River Level Near the Village of Staraya Ladoga. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Serija: Geologija. Geografija [Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Geology and Geography series]. 2005, no. 4, pp. 3–16. (In Russian).
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Postmodernist Features in W. Gerhardie’s Novel “The Polyglots” ” P. 116-125.

UDC  821.111-31.09«19»

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.012

Abstract. The article investigates the literary legacy of William Gerhardie, an Anglo-Russian novelist, whose works receive diametrically opposite reviews. Some give him ample praise, while others criticize his books for having neither artistic nor ideological merit. The aim of the article is to explore “The Polyglots”, W. Gerhardie’s famous novel about Russian civil war through the lens of postmodernist aesthetics and postmodernist worldview. W. Gerhardie’s novel is a prime example of 20th century literature with its conceptual unity and artistic synthesis. The article analyzes such postmodernist features of “The Polyglots” as epistemological doubt, metanarrative critique, perception of the world as something uncontrollably chaotic, non-hierarchical principle, destruction of binary oppositions, gaming essence, deconstruction, neobaroque worldview, intertextulaity, multigenre characteristics. Special attention is given to the analysis of the protagonist, the narrator of the story, whose consciousness glues together the random pieces of the mosaic of life and, being flexible and unstable, adds ambiguity, which is another postmodernist characteristic. One more postmodernist feature of the work is its metanarrative character.  “The Polyglots” is a novel about a novel, a novel about the writing process. The article focuses on the influence of the Russian culture on Gerhardie’s artistic worldview, his ironic postmodernist interpretation of Russian writers’ literary legacy.

Keywords: gaming essence, intertextuality, metanarration, modernism, multigenre essence, postmodernism, Russian literature, chaos, epistemological doubt.

References:

1. Gerhardie W. Poligloty [The Polyglots]. Yekaterinburg, Moscow, Armchair Scientist Publ., 2017, 440 p. (Transl. from English).
2. Il’in I. P. Postmodernizm [Postmodernism]. Moscow, Intrada Publ., 2001, 384 p. (In Russian).
3. Krasavchenko T. William Gerhardie: an English Writer with a Russian Accent: On the Russian Revolution and the Civil War. Quaestio Rossica. 2017, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 941–957, DOI: 10.15826/qr.2017.4.260. (In Russian).
4. Liotar Zh.-F. Marginal Notes. Kommentarii [Comments]. 1997, no. 11, pp. 215. (In Russian).
5. Liotar Zh.-F. Sostojanie postmoderna [Postmodern State]. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Aletejja Publ., 1998, 159 p. (Transl. from French).
6. Lipoveckij M. N. Russkij postmodernizm: ocherki istoricheskoj pojetiki [Russian Postmodernism: Essays on Historical Poetics]. Yekaterinburg, Ural Pedagogical University Publ., 1997, 317 p (In Russian).
7. L’vov K. Everything is in the Hands of the Lord — and Mother Teresa. Radio Svoboda [Radio of Liberty]. 2017, June 12. URL : https://www.svoboda.org/a/28534000.html (accessed: 09.04.2021). (In Russian).
8. Tolstoj L. N. Ivan Ilyich’s Death. Sobranie sochinenij : v 22 tomah [Collected Works; in 22 vols.]. Moscow, Belles Lettres Publ., 1978–1985, vol. 12 : Novellas and Stories. 1885–1902, 1982, pp. 54–107. (In Russian).
9. Shakespeare W. Hamlet. Sonety [Tragedies. Sonnets]. Moscow, Belles Lettres Publ., 1968, vol. 36, pp. 123–246. (Transl. from English).
10. Bertens H. The Postmodern Weltanschauung and its Relation with Modernism: An Introductory Survey. Approaching Postmodernism: Papers Presented at a Workshop on Postmodernism. Fokkema D., Bertens H. (eds.). Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 1986, pp. 9–51.
11. Davies D. William Gerhardie: a Biography. Oxford, N. Y., Oxford University Press Publ., 1991, 411 p.
12. Gerhardie W. Anton Chekhov. A Critical Study, L., Cobden-Sanderson Publ., 1923, 192 p.
13. Gunnarsson B. The Novels of William Gerhardie. Abo, Abo akad. Univ. press Publ., 1995, 518 p.
14. Holroyd M. Introduction. Gerhardie W. The Polyglots, The Neversink Library. Melville House, Available at : https://royallib.com/read/Gerhardie_William/the_polyglots.html#0 (accessed 09.04.2021).
15. Maes-Jelinek H. William Gerhardie. Criticism of Society in the English Novel between the Wars. Paris, Societe d’Editions “Les Belles Lettres” Publ., 1970, pp. 283–300.
16. Sweeney S. William Gerhardie, the “Rediscovered” Author, and the “Cult” Novel. 2005, Oct., 27. Available at : http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000629.php (accessed 09.04.2021).

Curiosities and Rarities of Handwritten Manuscripts in the State Archive of the Ryazan Region ” P. 105-115.

UDC 091:930.25(470.313)

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.011

Abstract. The analysis of handwritten manuscripts stored in regional archival collections has been gaining greater relevance, for it promotes deeper investigation of the worldview of people of past epochs, both city dwellers and rural dwellers. The article analyzes a number of underinvestigated

handwritten manuscripts of the 18th–19th centuries that are preserved in the State Archive of the Ryazan Region. Special attention is given to exceptionally rare and historically or culturally significant sources. The author of the article is primarily interested in literary texts. The author of the article analyzes them through the prism of history, culture and everyday life of the epoch when they were created. The aim of the article is to share findings that can further promote the investigation of the issue. Documents preserved in regional archival collections can help a researcher to understand the evolution and transformation of urban dwellers’ and rural dwellers’ tastes, morals and customs.

Keywords: archival materials, literary sources, rare texts, handwritten manuscripts of the 18th–19th centuries.

References:

1. Bolotov A. T. Izbrannoe [Selected Works]. Pskov, Pskov Regional Teacher Training Institute Publ., 1993, 352 p. (In Russian).
2. Gosudarstvennyj arhiv Rjazanskoj oblasti. Nauchnaja biblioteka; no. 13119, Sbornik raznyh vypisok i pisem; no 13370, Sochinenija i bumagi S. P. Rumjanceva [State Archive of the Ryazan Region. Research Library; no, 13119, Collected Letters and Notes; no. 13370, S. P. Rumyantsev’s Essays and Documents]. Vol. 1 ; F. 869, Op. 1, D. 484 : Rukopisnyj sbornik rjazanskogo kupca [A Ryazan Merchant’s Manuscripts]; D. 610 : Sbornik basen neizvestnogo avtora [Collected Fables by an Unknown Author]. (In Russian).
3. Gubin D. V., Sevast’janova A. A. Describing Manuscripts of the State Archive of the Ryazan Region. Rjazanskaja vivliofika [Ryazan Bibliophics]. Ryazan, Aleksandr Rautman Publ., 2001, iss. 2, pp. 3–18. (In Russian).
4. Trudy Rjazanskoj uchenoj arhivnoj komissii (TRUAK) [Works of Ryazan Scientific Archival Commission]. Ryazan, Province Publ., vol. 2, iss. 2, 1888, pp. 24–25 ; vol. 4 : Appendices, 1890, 4 p. ; vol. 5, iss. 4, pp. 39–58. (In Russian).
5. Krestova L. V. S. P. Rumyantsev — a Writer and a Publicist (1755–1838). Russkaja literatura XVIII veka. Jepoha klassicizma [Russian Literature of the 18th Century. The Epoch of Classicism]. Moscow, Leningrad, Science Publ., 1964, pp. 91–128. (In Russian).
6. Kuz’mina V. D. Parody in Satirical and Humorous Manuscripts of the 18th Century. Zapiski otdela rukopisej Gosudarstvennoj biblioteki imeni V. I. Lenina [Manuscripts of the Department of Manuscripts of the State Library named for V. I. Lenin]. Moscow, 1955, iss. 17, pp. 145–153. (In Russian).
7. Pryzhov I. G. Stat’i. Pis’ma [Essays. Articles. Letters]. Moscow, Leningrad, Academy Publ., 1934, 486 p. (In Russian). (In Russian).
8. Pyljaev M. P. Staryj Peterburg. Rasskazy o byloj zhizni stolicy [The Old St. Petersburg. Tales of the Olden Days]. Moscow, OLMA Media Grupp Publ., 2014, 304 p. (In Russian).
9. Rovinskij D. A. Russian Folk Drawings: b. 1. Sbornik otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti Imperatorskoj Akademii nauk [Collected Works of the Department of the Russian Language of the Imperial Academy of Sciences]. 1881, vol. 23, pp. 341–343. (In Russian).
10. Kurganov E. Ohtin N. (comps.). Pycckij literaturnyj anekdot konca XVIII — nachala XIX veka [Russian Literary Jokes of the Late 18th — Early 19th Centuries]. Moscow, Belles Lettres Publ. 1990, 270 p. (In Russian).
11. Filippov D. Ju. The Fire of 1837 in Ryazan: Essays about Everyday Life of the First Half of the 19th Century. Urbi et orbi. Ryazan, Politeh Publ., 2020, pp. 214–264. (In Russian).
12. Fonvizin D. I. Sobranie sochinenij : v 2 tomah [Collected Works: in 2 vols.]. MakogonenkoP. (comp.). Moscow, State Publishing House of Fiction Publ., 1959, vol. 2, 742 p. (In Russian).

Political Islam in the Social Life of Afghanistan (Late 20th — Early 21st Centuries) ” P.  98-104.

UDC 297(581)«19/20»

DOI: 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.010

Abstract. The period investigated in the article was marred by serious upheavals in the Middle East. The situation in Afghanistan was more tragic and complicated than the situation in adjacent countries. The political commotion, the ensuing civil conflict and American intervention plunged the multinational country into political disarray. At present (since 2002) Afghanistan is a geographical location that can be tentatively called an Islamic Republic. It is characterized by ethnic fragmentation (a feudal anachronism), nominal centralized government headed by a US protégé. The government is not supported by Afghan society, there has been more than a half century of conflict which has claimed lives of many politicians, the government has been ignored by the population for several decades. The new generations of Afghan people grew under the conditions of a never-ending war, which has a gruesome impact on society. The article uses available sources on modern military, political, social, economic, ethnic and confessional situation in Afghanistan. Special attention is given to travel notes written by American and French experts R. Morey and O. Weber, who specialize in economic and humanitarian aid. The travel notes published by western media are an interpretation of official reports, but they discuss real life situations. The article also analyzes statistical reports and UN documents which describe problems and failures of the Afghan government to carry out economic and social modernization plans elaborated by American experts. It should be noted that there are depressingly few sources one can rely on when exploring modern Afghan history and the aforementioned sources meet the requirements of the article.

Keywords: Islamism, dictatorship, economy, crisis, civil conflict, expansion, western democracy.

References:

1. Makgirk T. Harvesting Opium. Stolichnye novosti [Capital News]. 2004, no. 29, pp. 11. (In Russian).
2. Ali Sh. T. Beyond Kabul. The Economist. 2003, Oct., 18, pp. 56–57.
3. Cole D. Biting the Hand that Feeds, The Economist. 2003, Oct., 4, p. 57.
4. Epstein M., Guilloteau J.-P. Pakistan. Nos Reportes Racontent. L’Express. 2004, Jan., 19, p. 42 (In French).
5. Moreau R. Reining in the Warlords. Newsweek. 2003, Apr., 28, p. 24.
6. Musil S. Walking a Fine Line. Newsweek. 2008, June, 9, р. 38.
7. Thomas A. And there’s Another Country. The Economist. 2010, Sept., 13, p. 56.
8. Weber O. Afghanistan. Les Etrangers en Ligne de Mire. Le Point. 2003, N 1604, p. 41. (In French).
9. Wesolowsky B. Where Opium is Half of GDP. The Economist. 2003, Sept., 27, pp. 58–59.

Serbia and the Support of an Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1875–1878 ” P.  88-97.

UDC  327(497.1:497.6)«1875/1878»

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.009

Abstract. The article investigates the contribution of the Principality of Serbia to supporting an uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1875–1878. The fact that the Principality of Serbia supported the uprising worsened the already strained relationship between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire, which resulted in the concentration of Turkish armed forces near the borders of the countries. Some public figures, such as metropolitan Mikhail, initiated charitable donations to help Serbian citizensliving in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They established committees in support of the uprising, they transported volunteers to Bosnia and Herzegovina, they supplied weapons and money to the rebels. General Ranko Alimpic played a key role in the events on the Serbia-Bosnia border. The author concludes that despite the fact that the Principality of Serbia supported the rebels of Herzegovina, especially such pro-Serbian rebels as Mico Ljubibratic, the influence of the Principality of Serbia in Bosnia was more obvious, for Bosnia was vital to Montenegro interest. Even though the Principality of Serbia provided support to Bosnia, the Principality of Serbia failed to profit from it, for it was under pressure from Austria-Hungary.

Keywords: Principality of Serbia, uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1875–1878, committees in support of the uprising, Metropolitan Mikhail, Nico Ljubibratic, Vaco Vidovic, Montenegro, Brodok Committee, Belgorod Committee, Herceg-Novi Committee.

References:

1. Arhiv vneshnej politiki Rossijskoj Imperii (AVPRI) [Archive of the External Policy of the Russian Empire (AEPRE)]. F. 180, Op. 517/2, D. 4363, Ch. 1. (In Russian).
2. Arhipov S. V. Russkaja Pravoslavnaja Cerkov’ i Vostochnyj krizis 1875–1878 godov [Russian Orthodox Church and the Eastern Crisis in 1875–1878]. Moscow, 2016, 288 p. (In Russian).
3. Vsemirnaja illjustracija [Global Illustrations]. 1876, no. 383. (In Russian).
4. Vjazemskaja E. K. Vosstanija v Bosnii i Gercegovine i Rossijskaja diplomatija (1875 — aprel’ 1877) [Uprisings in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Russian Diplomacy (1875 — April 1877). Moscow, 1984, 210 p. (In Russian).
5. Rossija i vosstanie v Bosnii i Gercegovine. 1875–1878. Dokumenty [Russia and the Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1875–1878. Documents]. Moscow, Indrik Publ., 2008, 448 p. (In Russian).
6. Skal’kovskij K. A. In the Country of Yoke and Liberty. Notes of Travel in the Caucasus, Asia Minor, European Turkey, Montenegro, Serbia, Austria-Hungary, the United States of America. Russkie
   o Serbii i serbah [The Russians about Serbia and the Serbs]. St. Petersburg, Aletejja Publ., 2006, vol. 1 : Letters, Articles, Memoirs, pp. 126–136. (In Russian).
7. Alimpiћ M. Zhivot i rad generala Ranka Alimpiћa u svezi sa dogaђaјima iz naјnove srpske istoriјe. Beograd, Kraљevsko-srpska drzhavna shtampariјa Publ., 1892, 752 p. (In Serbian).
8. Arhiv Srbije (AS), F. MID, D. 337, 402, 1293. (In Serbian).
9. Grujiћ Zapisi. Beograd, Buduћnost Publ., 1923, vol. 3, 406 p. (In Serbian).
10. Ekmečić M. Ustanak u Bosni. 1875–1878. Sarajevo, Vaselin Maslesa Publ., 1973, 653 p. (In Bosnian).
11. Ekmechiћ M. Dugo kretaњe izmeђu klaњa i oraњa. Istoriјa Srba u novom veku (1492–1992), Beograd : Evro-Guinti, 2011, 606 s. (In Serbian).
12. Zhiveti u Beogradu 1868–1878. Dokumenta uprave grada Beograda, Beograd : Istorijski arhiv Beograda, 2006, 574 s. (In Serbian).
13. Zastava [The Frontier]. 1875, А, 8 , no. 87. (In Russian).
14. Irijart S. Bosna i Hercegovina. Putopis iz vremena ustanka. 1875–1876, Sarajevo, Veselin Masleša Publ., 1981, 200 p. (In Bosnian).
15. Istok [The Source]. 1875, Aug., 4, no. 66. (In Russian).
16. Jovanoviћ Vlada Milana Obrenoviћa. Beograd,Geca Kon Publ., 1934, vol. 1, 526 p. (In Serbian).
17. MiliћeviћЂ. Dnevnik. II 23. septembar 1872 — 6. april 1877. Beograd, Arhiv Srbiјe Publ., 2015, 500 p. (In Serbian).
18. Popov C. Srbija na putu oslobodjenja 1868–1878. Beograd, Nauchna kњiga Publ., 1980, 182 p. (In Serbian).
19. Teinoviћ Naoruzhaњe ustanika u Bosni 1875–1878. godine. Vesnik. Chasopis za istoriјu, muzeologiјu i umetnost. Broј 36. Beograd, Voјni muzeј Publ., 2009, pp. 29–38. (In Serbian).
20. Teinoviћ B. Zaboravљeno ime iz ustanka u Bosni 1875. godine: Dashan Vuћkoviћ, kraћi zhivotopis sa komentarom. Godina V. Broј 5. Baњaluka, Udruzheњa arhivskih radnika Republike Srpske Publ., 2013, pp. 417–425. (In Serbian).
21. Chubriloviћ Bosanski ustanak 1875–1878. Beograd, Balkanoloshki institut SANU Publ., 1996, 384p. (In Serbian).
22. Dyson St. L. The Last Amateur. The Life of William J. Stillman. Y., State University of New York Publ., 2014, 360 p.
23. New York Herald, 1875, Nov. 18, no. 14321.
24. Kuneralp S. (ed.). Ottoman Diplomatic Documents on “the Eastern Question”. Balkan Crisis (1875–1878). Part 1. From the Bosnian Uprising to the War with Serbia and Montenegro. July 1875 — June 1876. Tokay, Istanbul, The ISIS Press Publ., 2013, 740 p.
25. Stillman W. J. Herzegovina and the Late Uprising. London, Longmans Publ., Green and Co. Publ., 1877, 218 p.
26. Sükrü Hanioglu M. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton, Princeton University.

Naturalization, Labor and Market:  Three Essays by John Locke ”P. 78-87.

UDC 14(420)

DOI: 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.008

Abstract. The article presents three essays written by John Locke (1632–1704): “For a General Naturalization” (1693), “Labor” (1693), “Venditio” (1695). The essays were not published during the philosopher’s lifetime and have never been previously translated into Russian. Written in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution (1688–1689), the three essays focus on political issues facing post-revolutionary England. The economic and financial crisis of the 1690s had a direct impact on the living conditions of the population and resulted in resource deficit which Locke planned to overcome by means of labor and international trade. Locke underlines the pivotal role of labor as a prerequisite for common wellbeing. Locke believes that the improvement of the mind is a way to reduce political tension. He maintains that it is essential that courtiers should give up luxurious and degrading habits. He believes that a ruler’s example will promote honest labor. Locke lambasts xenophobia and advocates naturalization. Despite the fact that the Naturalization Act of 1693 granted assistance to Huguenots who fled to England after the repeal of the Edict of Nantes of 1685, Locke treats the issue in a broader sense and advocates that migrant workers willing to become naturalized and loyal to their new country are a great asset in augmenting the national wealth. Promoting free market prices, Locke underlines the necessity of holding to the scholastic concept of economic ethics and of setting standards of fairness and compassion in transactions.

Keywords: wealth, Huguenots, xenophobia, compassion, aiding the poor, rulers’ examples, absolute necessity, common good, Glorious Revolution, scholastic tradition.

References:

1. Forde S. The Charitable John Locke // The Review of Politics. — 2009, Summer. — Vol. 71, no. 3. — Pp. 428–458.
2. Guzman R. A., Munger M. C. Euvoluntariness and just market exchange: moral dilemmas from Locke’s Venditio // Public Choice. — 2014. — N 158. — Рp. 39–49.
3. Locke J. An Essay concerning Human Understanding / Ed. by P. H. Nidditch. — Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1975. — 748 p.
4. Locke on Money : in 2 vols. / Ed. by P. H. Kelly. — Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1991. — 664 p.

5.Locke: Political Essays / Ed. by M. Goldie. — Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1997. — 409 p.

6.Locke: Political Writings / Ed. by D. Wootton. — Indianapolis/Cambridge : Hackett Publishing Company, 1993. — 479 p.

7.Resnick D. John Locke and the Problem of Naturalization // The Review of Politics. — 1987, Summer. — Vol. 49, no. 3. — Pp. 368–388.

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The Characteristics of Buddhism in the Chita Region  in the Early 1980s ” P. 69-77.

UDC 294.3(571.55)«198»

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.007

Abstract. The article analyzes a previously uninvestigated page of Chita history, namely the history of the spread of Buddhism in the Chita Region (East Zabaykalye) in the early 1980s. The aim of the research is to investigate the characteristics of Buddhism in the Chita Region, its spread and adaptation during the aforementioned period. The author underlines an appalling scarcity of published materials on the issue, which necessitated the use of documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The corpus of analyzed archival documents is mainly constituted of official documents, reports issued by the representatives of the Council for Religious Affairs of the USSR in the Chita Region, information reports, and letters. The analysis of various sources enables the author to conclude that in the early 1980s Buddhism, unlike other religions, experienced little oppression. The majority of believers lived in the Agin-Buryat Autonomous District of the Chita Region. There was a Buddhist monastery, Aginsky Datsan, which was the only functioning Buddhist monastery in the East Zabaykalye. There were regular religious services (khurals) that were attended by hundreds of believers who donated quite large sums of money. Vast amounts of money were received as a compensation for ritual services. A. I. Borodin, a representative of the Council for Religious Affairs of the USSR in the Chita Region, attempted to show in his reports that believers were primarily elderly people, a statement the author of the article is rather skeptical of. Buddhist priests expressed some contradictory views on certain issues. The author of the article believes that it is necessary to continue investigating the history of Buddhism in East Zabaykalye during the Soviet era.

Keywords: religion, Buddhism, Lamaism, datsan, lama, ritual, believers, Chita Region, Agin-Buryat Autonomous District.

References:

1. Barinov A. Buddhist Studies in Zabaykalye. Religiovedenie [Religious Studies], 2012, no. 2, pp. 179–185. (In Russian).
2. Berzin A. Tibet Buddhism in Buryatia and Chita (1990). Buddizm v mongol’skih regionah Sojuza Sovetskih Socialisticheskih Respublik v 1990 godu [Buddhism in Mongol Areas of the Soviet Union in 1990]. Available at : https://studybuddhism.com/ru/prodvinutyy-uroven/istoriya-i-kultura/buddizm-v-rossii/buddizm-v-mongolskih-regionah-sssr-v-1990-g/tibetskiy-buddizm-v-buryatii-i-chite-1990-g (accessed 07.01.2021). (In Russian).
3. Boronova M. M., Stepanova T. G. Governmental Policies in Relation to Orthodox and Buddhist Religions in Buryatia (1943–1961). Vestnik Burjatskogo universiteta [Bulletin of Buryat University]. 2012, no. 7, pp. 135–139. (In Russian).
4. Garri I. R. (ed.). Buddizm v istorii i kul’ture burjat [Buddhism in the Buryat History and Culture]. Ulan-Ude, Burjaad-Mongol Nom Publ., 2014, 418 p. (In Russian).
5. Vanchikova C. P., Chimitdorzhin D. G. Istorija buddizma v Burjatii: 1945–2000 gody [The History of Buddhism in Buryatia: 1945–2000]. Ulan-Ude, Buryatia Research Centre of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2006, 132 p. (In Russian).
6. Gorbatov A. V. Buddhists and the Soviet State in 1946–the 1960s. Rossijskaja istorija [Russian History]. 2018, no. 5, pp. 77–88. DOI: 10.31857/S086956870001572-7(In Russian).
7. Gosudarstvennyj arhiv Rossijskoj Federacii (GА RF) [State Archive of the Russian Federation (SA RF)]. F. R-6991. Op. 6. 1643. L. 1–2 ; D. 1726. L. 166 ; D. 1876. L. 7–8 ; D. 2212. — L. 162 ; D. 2609. L. 3–4, 6–9.
8. Zhamsueva D. S. Aginskie dacany kak pamjatniki istorii kul’tury [Agin Datsans as Cultural Monuments]. Ulan-Ude, 2001, 192 p. (In Russian).
9. Bazarov  V. (ed.). Istorija Burjatii [The History of Buryatia]. Ulan-Ude, Buryatia Research Centre of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ.,  2011, vol. 3, 464 p. (In Russian).
10. Mitypov V. M. Istorija vzaimootnoshenij gosudarstva i buddijskoj cerkvi v Sojuze Sovetskih Socialisticheskih Respublik/Rossii: 1969–1990-e gody [The History of Relationships between the State and the Buddhist Churches in the Soviet Union/Russia: 1969–the 1990s]. Ulan-Ude, 2006, 26 p. (In Russian).
11. Mitypov V. M. The State and the Buddhist Church in the Soviet Union/Russia: Legal Aspects. Vlast’ [Power]. 2011, no. 5, pp. 13–18. (In Russian).
12. An Essay on the History of Buddhism in Buryatia, 2016. Asia Russia Daily. Available at : http://asiarussia.ru/buddhism/13458/ (accessed 07.02.2021). (In Russian).
13. Namsaraeva A. D., Razlogov K. Je. (eds.). Tradicionnyj rossijskij buddizm kak faktor garmonichnogo vzaimodejstvija razlichnyh jetnosov i kul’tur Rossii na materiale zhizni, dejatel’nosti i nasledija Pandito Hambo lamy Dashi-Dorzho Jetigjelova (Itigjelova) [Traditional Russian Buddhism as a Factor of Harmonious Relationships between Different Russian Ethnicities and Cultures at the Example of Pandito Hambo lama Dashi Dorzho Etigelei (Itigilov)’ s Life and Legacy]. Moscow, Ulan-Ude, New Institute of Culturology Publ., 2018, 40 p. (In Russian).
14. Cyrempilov N. V. Buddhism in Russia: the Past and the Present. Vlast’ [Power]. 2013, no. 4, pp. 84–86. (In Russian).
15. Chimitdorzhin D. G. Istorija buddistskoj cerkvi v Burjatii: 1945–2000 gody [History of the Buddhist Churches in Buryatia]. Ulan-Ude, 2005, 154 p. (In Russian).
16. Justine B. Q. Buddhists, Shamans, and Soviets: Rituals of History in Post-Soviet Buryatia (Oxford Ritual Studies Series). Oxfordshire County, Oxford University Press Publ., 2015, 256 p.
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18. Tibetan Buddhism in Buryatia and Chita 1990. Study Buddhism. Available at : https://com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-russia/buddhism-in-the-mongol-regions-of-the-ussr-1990/tibetan-buddhism-in-buryatia-and-chita-1990 (accessed 07.01.2021).

The Image of a Soviet Woman as Depicted by Mass Media in the 1950s–1960s and Engraved in Social Memory (regional aspects) ” P. 59-68.

UDC 396:070(47)«195/196»

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.005

Abstract. The article investigates the image of a Soviet woman as portrayed by provincial mass media. The article analyzes such underrated sources of reliable information as egodocuments and radio performances, which enables the author to compare the idealized image of a Soviet woman and the real image of a Soviet woman of the 1950s–1960s. Mass media created an ideologically “proper” image of a female worker who was actively involved in family and social life. Despite the fact that many “ordinary” Soviet women did their best to fully realize their potential in at least one sphere of life, they had no means to conform to the ideal image broadcast by the media. Due to the discrepancy between the ideal and realistic images, Soviet women often fell victim to social and political criticism. Gnawed by the fear of censure and the desire to condemn others, women were forced to acquire certain behaviour patterns dictated by mass culture.

Keywords: image of a woman, the Khrushchev thaw, female magazines, radio performances, female memory.

References:

1. Berezina V. Ju. The Image of Soviet Women as Represented by the Ogonek Magazine during the Khrushchev Thaw. Mediareal’nost’ Rossii: vchera, segodnja, zavtra [Media Reality in Russia: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow]. Martynenko E. V. (ed.). Moscow, People’s Friendship University of Russia Publ., 2019, pp. 52–61. (In Russian).
2. Glejzer M. Radio i televidenie v Soyuze sovetskih socialisticeskih respublik: Daty i fakty (1917–1963) [Radio and Television in the Soviet Union: Dates and Facts (1917–1963)]. Moscow, 1965, 230 p. (In Russian).
3. Gosudarstvennyj arhiv Volgogradskoj oblasti (GAVO) [State Archive of the Vologda Region (SAVR)]. F. R-6174, Op. 2 ; F. R-6880, Op. 6. (In Russian).
4. Dashkova T. Love and Life in Soviet Movies of the 1930s — Early 1950s. Otechestvennaja istorija [Russian History]. 2003, no. 6, pp. 59–67. (In Russian).
5. Dneprovskaja A. A. The Image of a Soviet Working Woman in the First Post-war Decade (based on female magazines). Vestnik Omskogo universiteta [Bulletin of Omsk University]. 2011, no. 1, pp. 91–98. (In Russian).
6. Zaharov D. V. Transformacija obraza zhenshhiny v sredstvah massovoj informacii Rossii v 70–90 gody XX veka na primerah zhurnalov: “Rabotnica”, “Krest’janka”, “Kosmopoliten” [The Transformation of the Image of a Woman in Russian Media in the 1970s–1990s at the Example of such Magazines as Rabotnitsa (Female Worker), Krestyanka (Female Peasant), Cosmopolitan. Moscow, 2004, 28 p. (In Russian).
7. Krest’janka [Female Peasant]. 1943, no. 1, 2, 9 ; 1945, no. 2–3 ; 1946, no. 4 ; 1948, no. 2 ; 1949, no. 12 ; 1953, no. 9, 12 ; 1954, no. 3, 6, 9–12 ; 1957, no. 7 ; 1958, no. 3, 7, 12 ; 1959, no. 1, 3–4, 7 ; 1960, no. 2 ; 1964, no. 1–2, 12 ; 1965, no. 1, 3, 9–10 ; 1966, no. 1, 3, 6, 9 ; 1969, no. 4. (In Russian).
8. Mishhenko T. A. Female Images in Soviet Movies (based on the Soviet Screen magazine, 1960–1968). Vestnik Brjanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of Bryansk State University]. 2012, no. 2–1, pp. 132–136. (In Russian).
9. Polevye materialy avtora. Volgograd. Aprel’ 2019 g, fevral’ 2020 goda [Questionnaires and Interviews. Volgograd. April 2019. February 2020]. (Interviewees: L. V., born 1936 ; I. V., born 1937 ; N. V., born 1938 ; N. P., born 1941 ; L. V., born 1943 ; G. P., born 1945 ; L. D., born 1948 ; A. I., born 1948 ; T. M., born 1950 ; G. Ju., born 1951 ; T. A., born 1954 ; L. V., born 1956 ; L. M., born 1958 ; S. V., born 1960). (In Russian).
10. Pushkareva N. L. The Gender System in Soviet Russia and the Fates of Russian Women. Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie [New Literary Observer]. 2012, no. 5 (117), pp. 8–23. (In Russian).
11. Pushkareva N. L. Concern for Women and Gender History as a Sign of our Time. Tractus aevorum: jevoljucija sociokul’turnyh i politicheskih prostranstv [Tractus aevorum: the Evolution of Sociocultural and Political Environments]. 2014, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 137–139. (In Russian).
12. Rabotnica [Female Worker]. 1953, no. 2, 11 ; 1954, no. 9–10 ; 1955, no. 1–2, 4–5, 7–8 ; 1957, no. 6 ; 1958, no. 2, 7, 11 ; 1959, no. 4, 6 ; 1960, no. 1, 3 ; 1961, no. 3 ; 1963, no. 3, 9 ; 1964, no. 7, 10 ; 1965, no. 1, 3 ; 1967, no. 1, 6–7. (In Russian).
13. Smejuha V. V. Women’s Magazines in the Soviet Union in 1945–1991: Types, Problems, Transformation of Images. Zhenshhina v rossijskom obshhestve [Women in Russian Society]. 2012, no. 1 (62), pp. 55–67. (In Russian).
14. Sovetskaja zhenshhina [Soviet Woman], 1951, no. 1–2 ; 1952, no. 3, 5 ; 1956, no. 1, 3, 10, 12 ; 1957, no. 4–5, 8–9 ; 1958, no. 10, 12 ; 1959, no. 4 ; 1961,no. 2–4, 6, 10 ; 1962, no. 2, 4–5, 8 ; 1964, no. 2. (In Russian).
15. Hlyzova A. Soviet Women on Soviet Television (the 1950s–1990s). Gender i SMI [Gender and Media]. 2013, no. 6, pp. 70–97. (In Russian).
16. Jur’eva T. Art as a Means of Creating an Image of a Soviet Woman on the Pages of the Rabotnitsa Magazine (Female Worker). Gender i SMI [Gender and Media]. 2015, no. 7, pp. 45–55. (In Russian).

 A Dramatic Turn in Oil Production and Oil Refining at the End  of World War II: the Mechanics of Implementation ” P. 47-58.

UDC 94(47).084.8

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.004

Abstract. The relevance of the research is accounted for by the necessity to further investigate the history of World War II and to assess the effectiveness of strategies that were used to ensure unfailing energy supply for the Soviet Army and the civilian population. The aim of the article is to investigate

previously unpublished archival materials discussing the causes of the fall in oil production and oil refining volumes in the beginning of the war, to identify the major stages oil industry underwent during World War II, to explore the mechanics of overcoming the energy crisis and bringing about a dramatic turn in oil production and oil refining. The object of the research is the process of implementing the national policy aimed at oil industry militarization. The authors conclude that despite a great number of difficulties the Soviet state had to face in the beginning of the war, it managed to solve an unprecedentedly significant problem: oil industry relocation to the eastern regions was accompanied by the increase in the exploration, production and refining of oil to ensure unfailing energy supply for military and civilian purposes. Oil industry workers’ selfless commitment made it possible to significantly expedite the construction of oil plants and to revolutionize oil industry. In 1943 oil industry started developing rapidly, new drilling and refining equipment was produced, oil exploration was intensified. The role of the Volga-Ural region became more prominent. Nowadays the Soviet experience of oil industry modernization during the investigated period is acquiring relevance.

Keywords: World War II, oil production, oil refining, “Glavneftemash”, “Azneftemash”.

References:

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2. Bajbakov N. K. Sorok let v pravitel’stve [Forty Years in the Government]. Moscow, Republic Publ., 1993, 317 p. (In Russian).
3. Bodrova E. V., Kalinov V. V. Nauka — neftjanomu kompleksu strany nakanune i v gody Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny [Science and Oil Industry before and during World War II]. Moscow, Dashkov and Co Publ., 2020, 284 p. (In Russian).
4. Budkov A. D., Budkov L. A. Neftjanaja promyshlennost’ Coyuza sovetskih socialisticeskih respublik v gody Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny [Oil Industry in the Soviet Union during World War II]. Vajner I. Ja. (ed.), Moscow, Depths Publ., 1985, 248 p. (In Russian).
5. Gosudarstvennyj arhiv Rossijskoj Federacii (GARF) [State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF)]. F. 5446, Op. 1, D. 241 ; F. 9517, Op. 1, D. 7. (In Russian).
6. Igolkin A. A. Novaja “stolica” sovetskoj neftedobychi [The New Capital of the Soviet Oil Industry]. Available at : http://www.oilru.com/nr/170/3913/oilru.com (accessed 15.11.2020). (In Russian).
7. Igolkin A. A. Sovetskaja neftjanaja politika v 1940–1950 godah [The Soviet Oil Policy in the 1940s–1950s]. Moscow, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2009, 323 p. (In Russian).
8. Istorija Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny Sovetskogo Sojuza 1941–1945 gody : v 6 tomah [History of World War II. The Soviet Union in 1941–1945: in 6 vols.]. Moscow, Voenizdat Publ., 1961, vol. 3, 662 p. (In Russian).
9. Istorija socialisticheskoj jekonomiki Sojuza sovetskih socialisticheskih respublik [History of Socialist Economy of the Soviet Union]. Moscow, Science Publ., 1978, vol. 5, 565 p. (In Russian).
10. Kalinov V. V. Achievements and Failures of the State Scientific ad Technical Policy of the Soviet Union. Rossijskij tehnologicheskij zhurnal [Russian Technology Journal]. 2018, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 73–87. (In Russian).
11. Kantor L. M. Promyshlennost’ Sojuza sovetskih socialisticheskih respublik v gody Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny [Industry of the Soviet Union during World War II]. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg University of Economic and Finance Publ., 1991, 93 p. (In Russian).
12. Krems A. Ja. Istorija sovetskoj geologii nefti i gaza [History of the Soviet Geology of Oil and Gas]. Leningrad, Depths Publ., 1964, 379 p. (In Russian).
13. Kumanev G. A. Podvig i podlog: stranicy Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny 1941–1945 [Heroic Deeds and Fraudulent Deceits: Pages of World War II. 1941–1945. Moscow, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 2004, 381 p. (In Russian).
14. Lisichkin S. M. Ocherki razvitija neftedobyvajushhej promyshlennosti Sojuza sovetskih socialisticheskih respublik [Sketches on the Development of Oil Industry in the Soviet Union]. Moscow, Institute of Economics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Publ., 1958, 428 p. (In Russian).
15. Apanovich  G. et al. Neft’ Sojuza sovetskih socialisticheskih respublik  (1917–1987 gody) [Oil in the Soviet Union (1917–1987)]. Dinkov V. A. (ed.)., Moscow, Depths Publ., 1987, 383 p. (In Russian).
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20. Rustambekov F. T. Neftegazovyj kompleks v gody Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny [Oil Industry during World War II]. Moscow, Scientific and Technical Society of Petroleum Engineers named for I. M. Gubkin]. 1995, iss. 4 (sup.), 55 p. (In Russian).
21. Salimov M D. Nachal’nye jetapy promyshlennoj razrabotki neftjanyh mestorozhdenij Uralo-Povolzh’ja i podgotovka inzhenernyh i nauchnyh kadrov dlja neftjanoj promyshlennosti v Respublike Bashkortostan [The Initial Stages of Oil and Gas Field Development in the Volga-Urals Region and the Training of Petroleum Engineers in the Republic of Bashkortostan]. Ufa, 2005, 24 p. (In Russian).
22. Sovetskaja jekonomika nakanune i v period Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny [Soviet Economy before and during World War II]. Available at : http://coollib.net/b/265609/read#n_859 (accessed 17.08.2020). (In Russian).
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25. Fedorchuk V. P. Geologi — frontu [Geologists to the Front]. Moscow, Depths Publ., 1985, 182 p. (In Russian).
26. Chadaev Ja. E. Jekonomika Soyuza sovetskih socialisticheskih respublik v gody Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny (1941–1945) [Soviet Economy during World War II (1941–1945). Moscow, Thought Publ., 1985, 494 p. (In Russian).

The German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact of 23 August 1939. Its Meaning and Significance ” P. 35-46.

UDC 327(47:430)«1939»

DOI 10.37724/RSU.2021.72.3.004

Abstract. During the 1930s, the Soviet Union did its best to build a collective security system in Europe in order to prevent the spread of the Nazi menace. However, the ruling circles of Great Britain, France and Italy nullified the efforts by signing the ignoble Munich Agreement. The military negotiations

between England, France and the USSR that were held in Moscow in August 1939 were a dismal failure. The western partners delayed the negotiations trying to reach an agreement with Berlin behind the back of the Soviet Union. Further delay threatened to put Russia in a position when it had to oppose a united western front. Trying to build a collective security system in Europe, the Soviet government had to handle the sabotage campaign launched by the ruling circles of England and France and had to accept the arrival of the German Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop in Moscow to sign a non-aggression pact. Unlike British and French ministers, the German minister was authorised to sign such documents. On 23 August 1939, J. von Ribbentrop and V. M. Molotov signed the non-aggression pact. The decision was taken under a two-front military threat (there were outbursts of fierce fighting near the Khalkhin-Gol river, which could escalate into a full-scale confrontation with Japan. The German-Soviet non-aggression pact gave the USSR a chance to enhance its defence and diminished the aggressive efforts of fascist militarists. The pact cannot be treated as violation of international law. It is in no way related to the German invasion of Poland preceding World War II.

Keywords: England, World War II, China, Munich Agreement. Nazi Germany, France, World War I. German-Soviet Non-aggression Pact, Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Japan.

References:

1.God krizisa, 1938–1939: dokumenty i materialy : v 2 tomah [The Crisis Year. 1938–1939: Documents and Materials: in 2 vols.]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1990, vol. 2, 430 p. (In Russian).

2. Dokumenty i materialy kanuna Vtoroj mirovoj vojny. 1937–1939 [Documents and Materials of the Period Preceding World War II. 1937–1939]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1981, vol. 2, 415 p. (In Russian).
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6. Kiselev A. F., Shhagin Je. M. (ed.). Novejshaja istorija Otechestva: XX vek [Modern History of Russia: the 20th Century]. Moscow, Vlados Publ. 2002, vol. 2, 446 p. (In Russian).
7. Narochnickaja N. A. (comp.). Partitura Vtoroj mirovoj vojny. Kto i kogda nachal vojnu? [The Plot of World War II. Who Started it and When did they Start it?]. Moscow, Veche Publ., 2019, 412 p. (In Russian).
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